Yi Jing 易经 (I Ching WG) - The Book of Changes

The Yi Jing ‘Book of Changes’ was foremost among the five ancient classics of China. Kongfuzi (Confucius) said “If years were added to my life, I would dedicate fifty to study the ‘Yi Jing’, then I might approach perfection” (Analects 7.16) . “The Yi Jing thinks of nothing, does nothing; in tranquility, unmoving, it fathoms what is at the back of everything in the world” (Great Appendix to the Yi Jing). Many great scholars have studied the ‘Yi Jing’, which is still widely known as ‘I Ching’ following the Wade Giles system, as a source of contemplation and reflection. Marcel Granet ➚ has described it as “the Cosmos in capsule form”. It served as a broad method for characterizing all things, people, events and situations systematically. As many objects and actions are associated with a particular hexagram it was used as a proto-science - putting everything in its appropriate logical context. Joseph Needham ➚ used the term ‘Resonance’ to describe each hexagram's relationship to the world. In Imperial China its influence was all pervasive; the Qing dynasty Emperor Kangxi’s edition of the I Ching had by 1715 accumulated no less than 218 commentaries written by esteemed scholars. The Emperor ‘never tired’ of studying it, spending over six months studying it - twice - and consulted the book to determine such things as the just punishment of rebels. He considered it of great depth touching on both fortune-telling and morality.

It is called ‘Book of Changes’ because it is rooted in transformation. In the classic divination method two hexagrams are cast at the same time, the one changing to the other.

Feng Shui, Confucianism and Yin/Yang all contribute to the ‘(Book of Changes ➚’). Nowadays it is best known as a popular fortune telling system, but its foundations go far deeper. It builds ‘hexagrams’ made up of six lines that are each either yang (solid) or yin (broken). A hexagram is termed a 卦 guà in Chinese. THis is a combination of two trigrams each made up of three lines to form one of eight trigrams (bagua 八卦); that are shown surrounding the traditional taiji (yin-yang) figure in the illustration. Two trigrams combine together to give the six lines that represent one of 64 possible hexagrams. For more on the numerical properties and associations see our Luo Shu (magic square) section.

Fortune telling

The Yi Jing was consulted for scientific inquiry, for example in alchemy; and astronomy as hexagrams are associated with both the lunar and daily (solar) cycles; as each particular day of the month or time of day had its own associations. From this evolved the practice of doing certain actions on particular days and at particular times. The yin-yang division is a binary system and this stimulated Leibniz to think that the Chinese had developed a binary counting system centuries before the West, however this is not true, the Yi Jing had never been used for counting. Because it claimed to provide an explanatory system for all things it became an obstacle to further scientific development and was incompatible with western science when this reached China in the late 19th century. Needham ➚ considers that Chinese scientists ‘would have been better to tie a millstone round the neck of the Yi Jing and cast it into the sea.’

To consult the I Ching, a person makes six choices between yin/yang; short/long; broken/straight; or heads/tails arranged in two sets of three. Each line is called a 爻 yáo and is represented by the number 9 for yang 阳爻 yángyáo or 6 for yin 阴爻 yīnyáo. The meaning and interpretation are strongly influenced by the two trigrams that make up the gua, for example the trigrams for ‘water’ (坎 kǎn) and ‘fire’ (离 lí) combine to give hexagram 63 (jì jì 既济) which has the meaning of ‘transformation’ as water puts out fire and also fire dries out dampness.

Some idea of the power of the Yi Jing can be seen from the belief that the invention of wooden boats first came from the book. The hexagram 59 is associated with the wood element and is composed of ‘wind’ over ‘water’. The commentary states that it is advantageous for crossing a great stream and so it is interpreting as stating that wood is the suitable material to use for making boats.

History of the I Ching

The Yi Jing dates back about 3,000 years when it was probably used purely for divination. Although it is claimed to date from the start of the Zhou dynasty there is no direct evidence to support this. The oldest text is called 周易 Zhōuyì after the name of the dynasty and attributed to legendary Emperor Fuxi (c. 2800 BCE) and King Wen of Zhou 周文王. It was certainly used in China during the Zhou dynasty long before the birth of Confucius (551BCE). To the ancient text were added ten commentaries attributed to Confucius that are called the ‘ten wings’; but these were probably written long after Confucius during the Han dynasty. Yì 易 can be translated as 'easy' as well as 'changes' and it could be considered that this method of divination was quicker and easier than analyzing the original divination method of studying the pattern of cracks on oracle bones. It is the Yi Jing commentaries that have as great a value as the hexagrams themselves, they reveal much about Chinese thought, history and philosophy. Daoists just as much as followers of Confucius hold the book in great esteem. All this has made it a much more sophisticated system than other mere ‘fortune telling’ systems such as Tarot cards ➚.

The original method used in ancient times cast a hexagram by using a bundle of 50 yarrow sticks 蓍草 shīcǎo (split six times to give each line - see divination method section for a detailed guide). In the Tang dynasty a faster method using three coins was introduced. However the probabilities are not the same in the two methods. The more complex system generates four possible results rather than two, instead of just yin and yang this method also produces both ‘continuous’ and ‘changing’ versions of yin and yang. Two readings are produced, one for the present and one for the ‘change’ representing either the past or future. The two readings in combination give 64x64 (4096) possible readings which make it a very large and complex system.

Order of the I Ching Hexagrams

There are actually three Yi Jings, the best known is the most recent the 周易 zhōu yì or ‘Change of Heaven’ from the Zhou dynasty which begins with the 乾 Heaven gua . The 连山 Liánshān ‘Link to Mountain’ on the other hand begins with 艮 Mountain and is attributed to the Red Emperor or Shennong a thousand years earlier. The 归藏 Guīcáng ‘Save in Earth’ starts with 坤 ‘Earth’ and is attributed to the Yellow Emperor. However only the Zhouyi has survived intact and has the all important commentaries.

The Zhouyi ordering is also known as the ‘King Wen system of hexagrams’; it does not follow a mathematical progression. One might expect the binary nature of yin-yang to be reflected in a binary sequence so mathematically 111111 (乾 qián all yang) might be followed by 111110 (姤 gòu) gua 44 or by 011111 ( 夬 guài) gua 43. The ‘Ahead of Heaven’ ordering of the Shao Yong ➚ of the Song dynasty follows this strict binary order; but the King Wen arrangement is in pairs of inverses or opposites so qián is followed by 000000 (坤 kūn all yin). As qián is symmetric (it is its own inverse) its opposite gua ‘kun’ is chosen as its pair.

As a ‘Book of Changes’ it is appropriate that guas are ordered in transformed pairs. The next pair begins with 010001 (屯 zhūn) and its inverse is 100010 (蒙 mēng) in this case the pair reverses the order. The arrangement of hexagrams has puzzled scholars for centuries as there are strong patterns of related concepts within the ordering. As the original text was written so long ago the original symbolism and meaning has been lost and reconstruction is a matter of scholarly conjecture.

The ideal structure for a hexagram is for yin lines to occur at 2 and 4 but yang lines at 3 and 5 (counting lines from the bottom). The alternating nature of the ‘ideal’ figure highlights the Chinese desire for balance and counter-balance rather than a desire for pure yin or pure yang. The top two lines are associated with heaven (spirit), the middle two with people (mind) and the bottom two with earth (body)

The sequence is split into two unequal groups: the Upper Canon 上经 shàngjīng 1-30 (where yang is broadly dominate: the ‘Dao of Heaven’) and the Lower Canon 下经 xiàjīng 31-64 (where yin is broadly dominate: the ‘Dao of Humanity’).

1

乾Qián Initiating; Donator (Heaven); element: Metal; month: 4; opp. 2 inv. 1 mutual 1; associations: heaven, king, father, order, control

2

坤Kūn Responding; Receptor (Earth); element: Earth; month: 10; opp. 1 inv. 2 mutual 2; associations: earth, people, mother, support, docility

3

屯Zhūn Beginning; Inhibition (Water over Thunder); element: Water; month: 12; opp. 50 inv. 4 mutual 23; associations: initial difficulty

4

蒙Méng Immaturity; Initiation (Mountain over Water); element: Earth; month: 1; opp. 49 inv. 3 mutual 24; associations: inexperience

5

需Xū Needing; Halting (Water over Heaven); element: Water; month: 2; opp. 35 inv. 6 mutual 38; associations: procrastination, delay

6

讼Sòng Contention; Strife (Heaven over Water); element: Metal; month: 3; opp. 36 inv. 5 mutual 37; associations: litigation

7

师Shī Multitude; Mass action (Earth over Water); element: Earth; month: 4; opp. 13 inv. 8 mutual 24; associations: army, teacher

8

比Bǐ Union; Coherence (Water over Earth); element: Water; month: 4; opp. 14 inv. 7 mutual 23; associations: concord, assembly

9

小畜Xiǎo Xù Small accumulation; Taming (Wind over Heaven); element: Wood; month: 4; opp. 16 inv. 10 mutual 38; associations: moderation

10

履Lǚ Fulfillment; Slow advance (Heaven over Lake); element: Metal; month: 6; opp. 15 inv. 9 mutual 37; associations: tread, circumspection

11

泰Tài Advance; Elevation (Earth over Heaven); element: Earth; month: 1; opp. 12 inv. 12 mutual 54; associations: prosperity, geniality

12

否Pǐ Hindrance; Stagnation (Heaven over Earth); element: Metal; month: 7; opp. 11 inv. 11 mutual 53; associations: bad, autumn, retrogression

13

同人Tóng Rén Fellowship; Aggregation (Heaven over Fire); element: Metal; month: 7; opp. 7 inv. 14 mutual 44; associations: community, all together

14

大有Dà Yǒu Great harvest; Profusion (Fire over Heaven); element: Fire; month: 5; opp. 8 inv. 13 mutual 43; associations: opulence

15

谦Qiān Humility; Modesty (Earth over Mountain); element: Earth; month: 12; opp. 10 inv. 16 mutual 40; associations: hidden wealth

16

豫Yù Delight; Inspiration (Thunder over Earth); element: Wood; month: 3; opp. 9 inv. 15 mutual 39; associations: enthusiasm, satisfaction

17

随Suí Pursuit; Sucession (Lake over Thunder); element: Metal; month: 2; opp. 18 inv. 18 mutual 53; associations: follower

18

蛊Gǔ Decay; Corruption (Mountain over Wind); element: Earth; month: 3; opp. 17 inv. 17 mutual 54; associations: poison, illness

19

临Lín Approach; Convergence (Earth over Lake); element: Earth; month: 12; opp. 33 inv. 20 mutual 24; associations: acost

20

观Guān Contemplation; Vision (Wind over Earth); element: Wood; month: 8; opp. 34 inv. 19 mutual 23; associations: view, radiation

21

噬嗑Shì Kè Eradicating; Gnawing (Fire over Thunder); element: Fire; month: 10; opp. 48 inv. 22 mutual 39; associations: crowds, courts

22

贲Bì Elegance; Pattern (Mountain over Fire); element: Earth; month: 8; opp. 47 inv. 21 mutual 40; associations: ornamental

23

剥Bō Peeling off; Dispersion (Mountain over Earth); element: Earth; month: 9; opp. 43 inv. 24 mutual 2; associations: flay, collapse

24

复Fù Turning back; Return (Earth over Thunder); element: Earth; month: 11; opp. 44 inv. 23 mutual 2; associations: end of year

25

无妄Wú Wàng Honesty; Unforeseen (Heaven over Thunder); element: Metal; month: 9; opp. 46 inv. 26 mutual 53; associations: not false, not reckless

26

大畜Dà Xù Great nourishment; Impeded (Mountain over Heaven); element: Earth; month: 8; opp. 45 inv. 25 mutual 54; associations: obstruction

27

颐Yí Nourishment; Nutrition (Mountain over Thunder); element: Earth; month: 11; opp. 28 inv. 27 mutual 2; associations: mouth, jaws

28

大过Dà Guò Excess; Surpassing (Lake over Wind); element: Metal; month: 10; opp. 27 inv. 28 mutual 1; associations: strangeness, top-heavy

29

坎Kǎn Darkness; Flow (Water); element: Water; month: Winter Solstice; opp. 30 inv. 29 mutual 27; associations: torrent of water

30

离Lí Brightness; Adherence (Fire); element: Fire; month: Summer Solstice; opp. 29 inv. 30 mutual 28; associations: mesh of a net

31

咸Xián Influence; Reaction (Lake over Mountain); element: Metal; month: 5; opp. 41 inv. 32 mutual 44; associations: all, interweaving, wooing

32

恒Héng Endurance; Perseverance (Thunder over Wind); element: Wood; month: 7; opp. 42 inv. 31 mutual 43; associations: constant

33

遁Dùn Retreat; Regression (Heaven over Mountain); element: Metal; month: 6; opp. 19 inv. 34 mutual 44; associations: hiding, conceal, withdrawal

34

大壮Dà Zhuàng Great strength; Powerful (Thunder over Heaven); element: Wood; month: 2; opp. 20 inv. 33 mutual 43; associations: power

35

晋Jìn Gain ground; Rapid advance (Fire over Earth); element: Fire; month: 2; opp. 5 inv. 36 mutual 39; associations: rise

36

明夷Míng Yí Darkening; Overshadow (Earth over Fire); element: Earth; month: 9; opp. 6 inv. 35 mutual 40; associations: lack of appreciation

37

家人Jiā Rén Domesticity; Relationship (Wind over Fire); element: Wood; month: 5; opp. 40 inv. 38 mutual 64; associations: family members

38

睽Kuí Diversity; Opposition (Fire over Lake); element: Fire; month: 12; opp. 39 inv. 37 mutual 63; associations: separation

39

蹇Jiǎn Hardship; Obstruction (Water over Mountain); element: Water; month: 11; opp. 38 inv. 40 mutual 64; associations: lameness, retardation

40

解Xiè Relief; Disentangle (Thunder over Water); element: Wood; month: 2; opp. 37 inv. 39 mutual 63; associations: liberation, dissection, analysis

41

损Sǔn Reduction; Diminution (Mountain over Lake); element: Earth; month: 7; opp. 31 inv. 42 mutual 24; associations: spoil, hurt, taxation, subtraction

42

益Yì Gain; Increase (Wind over Thunder); element: Wood; month: 1; opp. 32 inv. 41 mutual 23; associations: benefit, addition

43

夬Guài Breakthrough; Eruption (Lake over Heaven); element: Metal; month: 3; opp. 23 inv. 44 mutual 1; associations: decision, settlement, release of strain

44

姤Gòu Encountering; Reaction (Heaven over Wind); element: Metal; month: 5; opp. 24 inv. 43 mutual 1; associations: copulation, fusion, meeting

45

萃Cuì Gathering; Condensation (Lake over Earth); element: Metal; month: 8; opp. 26 inv. 46 mutual 53; associations: thicket, conglomeration, consolidation

46

升Shēng Growing up; Ascent (Earth over Wind); element: Earth; month: 12; opp. 25 inv. 45 mutual 54; associations: promotion, career progression

47

困Kùn Exhaustion; Confinement (Lake over Water); element: Metal; month: 9; opp. 22 inv. 48 mutual 37; associations: straightened, distress

48

井Jǐng Replenish; Source (Water over Wind); element: Water; month: 5; opp. 21 inv. 47 mutual 38; associations: dependable

49

革Gé Renewal; Revolution (Lake over Fire); element: Metal; month: 3; opp. 4 inv. 50 mutual 44; associations: moulting of skin, change skins

50

鼎Dǐng Creation; Containment (Fire over Wind); element: Fire; month: 6; opp. 3 inv. 49 mutual 43; associations: cooking vessel, cauldron

51

震Zhèn Enactment; Excitation (Thunder); element: Wood; month: Spring Equinox; opp. 57 inv. 52 mutual 39; associations: thunder, earthquake

52

艮Gèn Stillness; Immobility (Mountain); element: Earth; month: 10; opp. 58 inv. 51 mutual 40; associations: limitation, stability

53

渐Jiàn Gradual development; Progression (Wind over Mountain); element: Wood; month: 1; opp. 54 inv. 54 mutual 64; associations: steady advance

54

归妹Guī Mèi Marrying Maiden; Union (Thunder over Lake); element: Wood; month: 9; opp. 53 inv. 53 mutual 63; associations: marriage

55

丰Fēng Plentitude; Abundance (Thunder over Fire); element: Wood; month: 6; opp. 59 inv. 56 mutual 28; associations: prosperity

56

旅Lǚ Journeying; Wandering (Fire over Mountain); element: Fire; month: 4; opp. 60 inv. 55 mutual 28; associations: strangers, merchants

57

巽Xùn Submission; Acquiescence (Wind); element: Wood; month: 8; opp. 51 inv. 58 mutual 38; associations: wind penetration

58

兑Duì Joy; Serenity (Lake); element: Metal; month: Autumn Equinox; opp. 52 inv. 57 mutual 37; associations: sea, pleasure

59

涣Huàn Dispersion; Dissolution (Wind over Water); element: Wood; month: 6; opp. 55 inv. 60 mutual 27; associations: swelling, irregular

60

节Jié Restriction; Regulation (Water over Lake); element: Water; month: 7; opp. 56 inv. 59 mutual 27; associations: mediation, section, regular division

61

中孚Zhōng Fú Sincerity; Truth (Wind over Lake); element: Wood; month: 11; opp. 62 inv. 61 mutual 27; associations: confidence, inner strength

62

小过Xiǎo Guò Small preponderance; Overstep (Thunder over Mountain); element: Wood; month: 1; opp. 61 inv. 62 mutual 28; associations: surfeit

63

既济Jì Jì Sated; Consumation (Water over Fire); element: Water; month: 10; opp. 64 inv. 64 mutual 64; associations: completion, perfect order

64

未济Wèi Jì Almost complete; Unfinished (Fire over Water); element: Fire; month: 11; opp. 63 inv. 63 mutual 63; associations: disorder, just short of accomplishment

Find a hexagram

Because the hexagrams in the King Wen ordering are not placed in numerical order it can take time to find a hexagram. This table lists all the hexagrams ordered by the two trigrams that make them up. The top trigram is along the top and the bottom trigram is on the left side. Simply follow the row and column to where they intersect and follow the link for more information about the hexagram.

	Qián	Zhèn	Kǎn	Gèn	Kūn	Xùn	Lí	Duì
Qián	Qián [1]	Dà zhuàng [34]	Xū [5]	Dà xù [26]	Tài [11]	Xiǎo xù [9]	Dà yǒu [14]	Guài [43]
Zhèn	Wú wàng [25]	Zhèn [51]	Zhūn [3]	Yí [27]	Fù [24]	Yì [42]	Shì kè [21]	Suí [17]
Kǎn	Sòng [6]	Xiè [40]	Kǎn [29]	Méng [4]	Shī [7]	Huàn [59]	Wèi jì [64]	Kùn [47]
Gèn	Dùn [33]	Xiǎo guò [62]	Jiǎn [39]	Gèn [52]	Qiān [15]	Jiàn [53]	Lǚ [56]	Xián [31]
Kūn	Pǐ [12]	Yù [16]	Bǐ [8]	Bō [23]	Kūn [2]	Guān [20]	Jìn [35]	Cuì [45]
Xùn	Gòu [44]	Héng [32]	Jǐng [48]	Gǔ [18]	Shēng [46]	Xùn [57]	Dǐng [50]	Dà guò [28]
Lí	Tóng rén [13]	Fēng [55]	Jì jì [63]	Bì [22]	Míng yí [36]	Jiā rén [37]	Lí [30]	Gé [49]
Duì	Lǚ [10]	Guī mèi [54]	Jié [60]	Sǔn [41]	Lín [19]	Zhōng fú [61]	Kuí [38]	Duì [58]

I Ching Transformation

The authentic methods for casting a hexagram give four not two outcomes for each line of the hexagram. These are yin, yang, changing yin and changing yang. If any of the lines are 'changing' this gives two hexagrams, the first using the initial choice and the second where all ‘changing yin’ lines are changed to yang and all ‘changing yang’ lines are changed to yin. The commentaries of the Yi Jing only give a commentary when there is a single changing line. In the less likely case that more than one line is changing skill is required to interpret the meaning of the multiple changes, so instead the hexagram is often cast again.

Ten Wings 十翼 shíyì

The ten original commentaries or 'wings' are split into upper and lower sections:

The text and commentaries are hard to follow because they allude to unknown events and customs in the distant past. Some of them are put into poetic form with rhymes. This allows a modern reader to interpret the meaning in different ways.

The Yi Jing Universe

The all embracing nature of the Yi Jing can be seen from the associations of hexagrams. The lunar cycle follows through the hexagrams 51; 58; 1 (new moon); 57; 52 to 2 (full moon). While the daily cycle passes through 24, 19, 11, 34, 43, 1 (noon), 44, 33, 12, 20, 23, 2 (midnight).

In ancient China the Yi Jing was all pervasive, deciding what should be done and when; even the ministries of the government were associated with particular gua: General administration (1); Ministry of Education (2); Ministry of Rites (51); Executive (52; 57 and 30); Ministry of Justice (58) and Ministry of Public Works (29). The Yi Jing was consulted on all decisions in the Imperial system. In this way a single gua has a great number of important associations and forms a complex network with many other related concepts. The Yi Jing provided the master plan for organizing everything.